The Constitution of the Caliphate State, Article 87: The judge of the Court of Injustices (Madhalim)is appointed to remove all injustices which have been inflicted upon any person who lives under the authority of the State, irrespective of whether the person is from the subjects of the State or not, and irrespective of whether the injustice was committed by the Khalifah or anyone below him from the rulers and civil servants.

 This article has the definition of the judge of the Court of Injustices(Madhalim) and the basis for the Judiciary of Injustices (Madhalim) is what was narrated from the Prophet صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم when he described any act carried out by the ruler on other than the truth while ruling over the subjects as being an injustice (Madhlamah). Anas reported: Prices soared during the time of the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم so they said to him:

«إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْخَالِقُ الْقَابِضُ الْبَاسِطُ الرَّازِقُ الْمُسَعِّرُ، وَإِنِّي لأَرْجُو أَنْ أَلْقَى اللَّهَ وَلا يَطْلُـبُنِي أَحَدٌ بِمَظْلِمَةٍ ظَلَمْـتُهَا إِيَّاهُ فِي دَمٍ وَلا مَالٍ»

“‘O Messenger of Allah! Set prices for us! He said 'Truly, Allah is the Creator, the Restrainer, the Extender of wealth, the Provider, and the Pricer. And I am hopeful that I will meet Allah and none of you are seeking (recompense from) me for an injustice (I inflicted) involving blood or wealth.” (reported by Ahmad). So he صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم considered price fixing as an injustice (Madhlamah), because if he صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم had done it he صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم would have done something that he صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم had no right to do. In the same manner, he صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم also made the issues that affect the public rights which the State organises for the people as part of the injustices (Madhalim), such as the irrigation of farming lands by common water by taking turns. The Messenger of Allah looked into the dispute over irrigation that took place between Al-Zubayr Bin Al-‘Awwam (ra) and a man of the Ansar. He صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم witnessed it personally and said to Al-Zubayr (ra):

«اسْقِ يَا زُبَيْرُ ثُمَّ أَرْسِلِ الْمَاءَ إِلَى جَارِكَ»

“O Zubayr! water and then let the water flow to your nieghbor” (agreed upon and the wording is from Muslim). Therefore, any injustice (Madhlama) that occurs againstany person, whether perpetrated by the ruler, or as a result of the State’s organisations or orders, would be considered as an injustice (Madhlama), as understood from the two narrations. The matter would be referred to the Khalifah to rule upon it or whoever deputises for the Khalifah from the judges of the Court of Injustices (Madhalim).